
Smart Card
Smart cards are secure microprocessors embedded in a card body, compliant with international standards (e.g., ISO/IEC 7816, 14443). They enable encrypted data storage and processing for applications such as payment systems (EMV), healthcare (e-health cards), and national IDs (e.g., e-passports). Types include contact, contactless (NFC-based), and dual-interface cards, with security features like cryptographic algorithms (AES-256) and tamper-resistant chips.

Contact Smart Cards
Most widely used type of smart card
Contact smart cards require physical insertion into a reader to connect via electrical contacts (ISO/IEC 7816-2). They are widely used in SIM cards, legacy banking cards, and health insurance cards. While they support secure authentication, most modern government IDs (e.g., biometric passports) prefer dual-interface technology.

Contactless Smart Card
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology
Contactless cards use NFC technology (ISO/IEC 14443) for wireless communication within ~10 cm. Common applications include public transit (e.g., London Oyster Card) and access control (MIFARE). Security relies on protocols like AES-128 and anti-cloning mechanisms. Note: Prolonged exposure to strong RF fields may damage the chip.

Dual-interface Smart Card
Features of both contact & contactless cards
Dual-interface cards integrate contact (ISO 7816) and contactless (ISO 14443) interfaces into a single chip. Examples include China’s ID cards and hybrid payment cards (e.g., Visa Dual Interface). They are ideal for systems requiring backward compatibility (e.g., ATM contact readers + contactless POS terminals).
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